1. RESOURCES

 संसाधन 

CLASS 8 SOCIAL SCIENCE

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISE

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1. Answer the following questions.

Question 1(1). Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?

Answer: The distribution of natural resources depends on various factors like terrain, climate, and altitude. These factors differ over the earth and so the distribution of resources.

Question 1(2). What is resource conservation?

Answer: Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is resource conservation.

Question 1(3). Why are human resources important?

Answer: Human resources are important because they make the best use of nature to create more resources with the help of their knowledge, skill, and technology.

Question 1(4). What is sustainable development?

Answer: Sustainable development is the careful utilization of resources that help to meet the requirements of the present and also takes care of the development for future generations.

Question 2. Tick the correct answer.

1. Which one of the following does NOT make the substance a resource?

(a) utility

(b) value

(c) quantity.

2. Which one of the following is a human-made resource?

(a) medicines to treat cancer

(b) spring water

(c) tropical forests

3. Complete the statement. Biotic resources are

(a) derived from living things

(b) made by human beings

(c) derived from non-living things

Question 3. Differentiate between the following.

(a) Potential and actual resources

Answer: 

Potential Resources	Actual Resources
1. Potential resources are those resources for which the entire quantity is not known. 2. They are not being used at present due to the non-availability of technology or finance to develop them. 3. Example: Uranium in Ladakh, strong winds in Rajasthan.	1. Actual resources are those resources for which quantity is known. 2. They are being used at present with the existing technology. 3. Examples: Rich coal deposits in Ruhr valley of Germany, Jharkhand, Odisha; Petroleum in west Asia; Black soil in Deccan Trap of Maharashtra.

(b) Ubiquitous and localized resources.

Answer: 

Ubiquitous Resources	Localized Resources
1. Ubiquitous resources are those resources which are found everywhere. 2. Examples: Land, water, air.	1. Resources found only in certain places are called localized resources. 2. Examples: Iron ore, copper, bauxite, gold, etc.

Question 4. Activity

“Rahiman paani raakhiye,

Bin paani sab soon.

Paani gaye na ubere Moti,

manus, choon…”

[Says Rahim, keep water, as without water there is nothing. Without water pearl, swan, and the dough cannot exist.]

These lines were written by the poet Abdur Rahim Khankhana, one of the nine gems of Akbar’s court. What kind of resource is the poet referring to? Write in 100 words what would happen if this resource disappeared?

Answer:👇

1. The poet is referring to the water resource.
2. The following would happen if this resource (water resource) disappeared:
3. The earth would dry up and it would be scorched.
4. All human beings would die.
5. There would be no animal life; big or small on the earth.
6. All the vegetation types would dry up.
7. All human activities would come to an end.
8. No industry would exist on the surface of the earth.
9. No activity would be seen.
10. All the water bodies would dry up.
11. There would no moisture in the air, no clouds, and no rains.
12. The earth would be a big desert devoid of all elements.
13. Actually, it will be just like a big rock.

Question 5. For Fun

Question 1. Pretend that you live in prehistoric times on a high windy plateau. What are the uses you and your friends could put the fast winds to? Can you call the wind a resource?

Answer: We cannot put the fast winds to any use. Hence, the wind cannot be called a resource.

Question 1(a). Now imagine that you are living in the same place in the year 2138. Can you put the winds to any use? How? Can you explain why the wind is an important resource now?

Answer: Yes. We can use the wind in the windmills to generate wind power. As it can be used as a power hence it has become an important resource.

Question 5(2). Pick up a stone, a leaf, a paper straw, and a twig. Think of how you can use these as resources. See the example given below and get creative

You can use a stone…	Use/Utility
To play stapu As a paper-weight To crush spices To decorate your garden/room To open a bottle In a catapult	toy tool Tool decoration piece tool weapon

Answer: 

You can use a stone…	Use/Utility
To draw a figure As a decoration piece To use as a spice To make a flower pot You can use a straw As a fodder A decoration piece You can use a twig To threaten animals As indicator To draw a drawing	drawing tool commodity a decoration piece Use/Utility Food for animals Tool Use/Utility punishing rod tool tool

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 संसाधन 

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अभ्यास 

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए-

i) पृथ्वी पर संसाधन आसमान रूप से क्यों वितरित है?

उत्तर: प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का वितरण भूभाग, जलवायु और ऊंचाई जैसे विभिन्न कारकों पर निर्भर करता है। ये कारक पृथ्वी और संसाधनों के वितरण में भिन्न होते हैं।

ii) संसाधन संरक्षण क्या है?

उत्तर: संसाधनों का सावधानीपूर्वक उपयोग करना और उन्हें नवीनीकृत होने का समय देना संसाधन संरक्षण है।

iii) मानव संसाधन महत्त्वपूर्ण क्यों है?

उत्तर: मानव संसाधन महत्वपूर्ण हैं क्योंकि वे अपने ज्ञान, कौशल और प्रौद्योगिकी की मदद से अधिक संसाधन बनाने के लिए प्रकृति का सबसे अच्छा उपयोग करते हैं।

iv) सततपोषणीय विकास क्या है? 

उत्तर: सतत विकास संसाधनों का सावधानीपूर्वक उपयोग है जो वर्तमान की आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने में मदद करता है और भविष्य की पीढ़ियों के लिए भी विकास का ख्याल रखता है।

2. सही उत्तर पर निशान लगाइए -

(i) निम्नलिखित में से कौन संसाधन को निर्धारित नहीं करता है?

(क) उपयोगिता 

(ख) मूल्य 

(ग) मात्रा 

• 👉महत्वपूर्ण विज्ञान के प्रश्न

(ii) निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा मानव निर्मित संसाधन है?

(क) कैंसर उपचार की औषधियाँ 

(ख) झरने का जल 

(ग) उष्णकटिबंधीय वन 

(iii ) कथन पूरा कीजिए -

जैव संसाधन ---- होते है। 

(क) जीव-जंतुओं से व्युत्पन्न 

(ख) मनुष्य द्वारा निर्मित 

(ग) निर्जीव वस्तुओं से व्युत्पन्न 

3. निम्नलिखित में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिए -

(i) संभाव्य और वास्तविक संसाधन 

उत्तर:

संभाव्य  संसाधन	वास्तविक संसाधन
1. संभावित संसाधन वे संसाधन हैं जिनके लिए पूरी मात्रा ज्ञात नहीं है। 2. उन्हें विकसित करने के लिए प्रौद्योगिकी या वित्त की अनुपलब्धता के कारण वर्तमान में उनका उपयोग नहीं किया जा रहा है। 3. उदाहरण: लद्दाख में यूरेनियम, राजस्थान में तेज हवाएं।	1. वास्तविक संसाधन वे संसाधन हैं जिनके लिए मात्रा ज्ञात है। 2. मौजूदा तकनीक के साथ वर्तमान में उनका उपयोग किया जा रहा है। 3. उदाहरण: जर्मनी, झारखंड, ओडिशा की रुहर घाटी में समृद्ध कोयला भंडार; पश्चिम एशिया में पेट्रोलियम; महाराष्ट्र के डेक्कन ट्रैप में काली मिट्टी।

(ii) सर्वव्यापक और स्थानिक संसाधन  

उत्तर:

सर्वव्यापक  संसाधन	स्थानिक संसाधन
1. सर्वव्यापी संसाधन वे संसाधन हैं जो हर जगह पाए जाते हैं। 2. उदाहरण: भूमि, जल, वायु।	1. केवल कुछ स्थानों पर पाए जाने वाले संसाधनों को स्थानीयकृत संसाधन कहा जाता है। 2. उदाहरण: लौह अयस्क, तांबा, बॉक्साइट, सोना, आदि।

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Summer Vacation Assignment (Social Science) class 8

 Chapter 1. How, When and Where

Que.1.Into how many ages has Indian history been divided? Name them.

2. Name some types of surveys.

3. Why did colonial rulers prefer the practice of surveying?

4.What do official record not tell us?

5. Why and where did the British set up record rooms attached to all the administrative institutions?

6.What were James Mill/s views about the Asian countries?

7. How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?

8. How do we write history?

9. Examine the criteria used by James Mills to classify (periodise) Indian history. Is it different from the classification given by other historians?

10. How are dates important in history? Explain.

Chapter 2. From Trade to Territory: Company Establishes Power

Que. 1. What is mercantilism? What are its features?

2. Define the trade wars. List the European companies which were involved in trade wars in India.

3. When and why was the English East India Company formed?

4.What was a factory? Name two factories set up by the British and the Portuguese in India.

5. Describe the terms of the Treaty of Allahabad.

6. Write in brief about the Doctrine of Lapse. Which three Indian states were annexed through this policy?

7. How was Punjab annexed into the British territories?

8. What do you know about the Carnatic Wars? Who were involved in these wars? What was the result of these wars?

9. Describe the struggle of the English East India Company with the Nawabs of Bengal.

10. Who was the most successful ruler of Mysore? Who succeeded him? Describe his struggle with the English East India Company?

Chapter. 1. The Indian Constitution

Que. 1. What is meant by Preamble?

2. Who was the Permanent Chairman of the Constituent Assembly?

3. Mention one distinction between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy?

4. Explain the meaning of Fundamental Rights.

5. Under which two conditions can the Fundamental Rights be restricted?

6. State any three Directive Principles of State Policy.

7. What do you mean by social, economic and political justice?

8. Analyze the fundamental duties laid down in the Indian Constitution.

9. Explain briefly the salient features of the Indian Constitution.

10. Write any 5 Fundamental Rights laid down by the Constitution of India.

Chapter. 1. RESOURCES

Que. 1. Explain two types of Natural Resources.

2. What are called Potential Resources?

3. Name the categories of resources based on ownership.

4. Describe any two types of Natural Resources.

5. What ae Renewable and Non-renewable resources. Give examples.

6.What are the reasons for the unequal distribution of resources?

7.What are Human and Human-made Resources? Give examples.

8. Why are time and technology important for changing a substance into a resource?

9. Why do we need to conserve resources?

10. Give some examples of resources that have ethical value and aesthetic value.

अध्याय 1. कैसे, कब और कहां

Que.1. भारतीय इतिहास को कितने युगों में विभाजित किया गया है? उनके नाम के साथ स्पष्ट करें।

2. कुछ सर्वेक्षण के प्रकार स्पष्ट करे।

3. औपनिवेशिक शासकों ने सर्वेक्षण के अभ्यास को क्यों पसंद किया?

4. आधिकारिक रिकॉर्ड हमें क्या नहीं बताते हैं?

5. अंग्रेजों ने सभी प्रशासनिक संस्थानों से जुड़े रिकॉर्ड रूम क्यों और कहाँ स्थापित किए?

6. एशियाई देशों के बारे में जेम्स मिल के विचार क्या थे?

7. पुराने समाचार पत्रों से इतिहासकारों को जो जानकारी मिलेगी, वह पुलिस रिपोर्टों में किस तरह से अलग होगी?

8. हम इतिहास कैसे लिखते हैं?

9. भारतीय इतिहास को वर्गीकृत करने के लिए जेम्स मिल्स द्वारा उपयोग किए गए मानदंडों की जांच करें। क्या यह अन्य इतिहासकारों द्वारा दिए गए वर्गीकरण से अलग है?

10. इतिहास में तारीखें कैसे महत्वपूर्ण हैं? स्पष्ट कीजिए।

अध्याय 2. व्यापार से साम्राज्य  तक: कंपनी की सत्ता स्थापन होती है

प्रश्न 1. व्यापारीवाद क्या है? इसकी विशेषताएं क्या हैं?

2. व्यापार युद्धों को परिभाषित करें। भारत में व्यापार युद्ध में शामिल होने वाली यूरोपीय कंपनियों की सूची बनाएं।

3. इंग्लिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी का गठन कब और क्यों किया गया था?

4.फैक्ट्री किसे कहते थे? भारत में ब्रिटिश और पुर्तगालियों द्वारा स्थापित दो फैक्ट्री के नाम बताइए।

5. इलाहाबाद की संधि की शर्तों का वर्णन करें।

6. विलय नीति के सिद्धांत के बारे में संक्षेप में लिखें। इस नीति के माध्यम से कौन से तीन भारतीय राज्यों विलय किया गया?

7. पंजाब को ब्रिटिश क्षेत्रों में कैसे शामिल किया गया?

8. कर्नाटक युद्धों के बारे में आप क्या जानते हैं? इन युद्धों में कौन-कौन शामिल थे? इन युद्धों का परिणाम क्या था?

9. बंगाल के नवाबों के साथ अंग्रेजी ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के संघर्ष का वर्णन करें।

10. मैसूर का सबसे सफल शासक कौन था? उसका उत्तराधिकारी कौन बना? अंग्रेजी ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के साथ उनके संघर्ष का वर्णन करें?

अध्याय 1. भारतीय संविधान

प्रश्न 1. प्रस्तावना से क्या अभिप्राय है?

2. संविधान सभा के स्थायी अध्यक्ष कौन थे?

3. मौलिक अधिकारों और राज्य नीति के निर्देशक सिद्धांतों के बीच एक अंतर का उल्लेख करें?

4. मौलिक अधिकारों का अर्थ स्पष्ट कीजिए।

5. मौलिक अधिकारों को किन दो स्थितियों में प्रतिबंधित किया जा सकता है?

6. राज्य नीति के किसी भी तीन निर्देशक सिद्धांत बताएं।

7. सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक न्याय से आपका क्या अभिप्राय है?

8. भारतीय संविधान में निर्धारित मौलिक कर्तव्यों का विश्लेषण करें।

9. भारतीय संविधान की मुख्य विशेषताओं के बारे में विस्तार से बताएं।

10. भारत के संविधान द्वारा निर्धारित 5 मौलिक अधिकारों को लिखें।

अध्याय 1. संसाधन

प्रश्न1. दो प्रकार के प्राकृतिक संसाधन बताएं।

2. संभावित संसाधन किसे कहते हैं?

3. स्वामित्व के आधार पर संसाधनों की श्रेणियों का नाम दें।

4. किसी भी दो प्रकार के प्राकृतिक संसाधन का वर्णन करें।

5. नवीकरणीय और अनवीकरणीय संसाधन क्या है? उदाहरण दो।

6. संसाधनों के असमान वितरण के कारण क्या हैं?

7. मानव और मानव निर्मित संसाधन क्या हैं? उदाहरण दो।

8. किसी पदार्थ को संसाधन में बदलने के लिए समय और तकनीक क्यों महत्वपूर्ण हैं?

9. हमें संसाधनों के संरक्षण की आवश्यकता क्यों है?

10. उन संसाधनों के कुछ उदाहरण दीजिए जिनमें नैतिक मूल्य और सौंदर्य मूल्य हैं।

 

 

Educational Leadership: Administration and Supervision MCQ

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case.

1. Recommended practice suggests that which of the following should be involved in the decision-making process concerning curriculum?

 I. Curriculum experts

 II. Boards of education

III. Professional staff

IV. Parents and students

(A) I and III only

(B) II and III only

(C) III and IV only

(D) II, III, and IV only

(E) I, II, III, and IV

 2. Which of the following is the most crucial question to consider in using community resources in the classroom?

(A) Can the resources be used by several groups at the same time?

(B) Have such resources been overused?

(C) Do the resources meet the needs of the program?

(D) Would the use of these resources be controversial?

(E) What time limits have been established for the use of the resources?

 3. The role of a school psychologist would ordinarily NOT include which of the following?

(A) Assisting teachers and administrators to develop greater understanding of the needs and behaviors of students

(B) Determining by observation and assessment the procedures that best help students to learn

(C) Assisting faculty in developing procedures for referring students to the school psychologist

(D) Assisting teachers by giving demonstration lessons to troublesome groups of students

(E) Consulting with faculty and administrators on ways to improve learning conditions in the school

 4. The leader can be most confident that a group is functioning well when

(A) most participants are enjoying the task

(B) interpersonal and organizational conflicts do not occur

(C) the reward system is more than adequate

(D) the participants are interacting with each other on an open basis

(E) the leader and the participants are friendly toward each other

 5. Of the following, the best argument for the inclusion of students in special education programs in activities with general education students is the probability that the special education students will

(A) have less need for specialized services in the school they attend

(B) learn more in the cognitive and psychomotor domains

(C) become more competitive with their peers

(D) receive more individualized attention for the special nature of their disabling condition

(E) be provided with the least restrictive environment

6. The teaching techniques or methods that are generally considered to have the most direct impact on affective feelings are

(A) discussion and dialogue

(B) recitation and independent study

(C) role playing and simulation

(D) questioning and observation

(E) lecturing and demonstration

 7. A group of teachers cooperatively plan the best learning situation for a particular student, discuss the plan with the student, and have the student sign the written plan. Which of the following best describes this process?

(A) Individualizing unit teaching

(B) The contract method

(C) Unit teaching with group instruction

(D) Programmed instruction

(E) Team teaching, individualized instruction with the contract method

 8. The United States Supreme Court has justified the use of public tax money to support the transportation of parochial school children on the basis of the

(A) child benefit theory

(B) Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution

(C) First Amendment of the Constitution

(D) right to due process of law

(E) right of parents to determine the education of their own children

9. PL 100-297 School Improvement Act (HawkinsStafford ESEA Amendments) was primarily

designed to

(A) improve local school systems generally

(B) provide services for special education students

(C) offer a diverse range of experiences in public schools to persons with varying talents and needs

(D) aid public schools in securing new curriculum materials

(E) help local school districts expand and improve programs to meet the needs of educationally disadvantaged children

10. The primary role of the supervising or cooperating teacher in the education of the student teacher is most appropriately described as

(A) setting a good example for the student teacher to follow

(B) helping the student teacher develop effective ways of teaching

(C) determining the educational philosophy to be implemented by the student teacher

(D) providing the student teacher with information on classroom management techniques

(E) facilitating the proper placement of the student teacher in his or her initial position

Educational Leadership: Administration and Supervision

Answers

 1. Curriculum experts, boards of education, school professional staff, and parents and students should all be part of the decision-making process concerning curriculum matters. Choice E includes all four groups and is the correct answer.

 2. Although the questions in choices A, B, D, and E are relevant, choice C, the best answer, is the first and most important question to consider.

 3. Aspects of the role of a school psychologist are described in choices A, B, C, and E. Because the question asks which of the choices is not part of a psychologist’s role, the correct response is D. This choice presents an instructional strategy unrelated to the role of the school psychologist.

 4. A major objective of working together in a group is for group members to interact with one another openly. Although choices A, B, C, and E are possible outcomes in a group dynamic, only D focuses on a primary goal in effective leadership in group situations and is thus the best answer.

 5. In mainstreaming special education students, it is important that they experience an educational environment enjoyed by regular students. E is the appropriate choice because it reflects this kind of environment rather than reinforcing the differences between special education and general education students.

 6. Of the choices provided that might have a direct impact on affective feelings, C is the best answer because role playing and simulation are most concerned with creativity and feeling. Choices A, B, D, and E are concerned with the cognitive activities and therefore are incorrect.

 7. Although choices A, B, C, and D are individual elements of such a plan, only E contains all of the points of the plan. Therefore, E is the correct answer.

 8. In 1947 the Supreme Court in Everson v. Board of Education held that public funds for transportation of parochial school children were expended for the benefit of the individual child and not for religious purposes. A is the correct answer.

 9. The 1988 Hawkins-Stafford ESEA Amendments provide monies for programs to meet the needs of educationally disadvantaged children through Title I-Basic Programs (Chapter I). E is the correct answer.

10. The primary role of a supervising teacher regarding the education of a student teacher is to help develop effective ways of teaching. Among the choices provided, B is the only answer that addresses this point and is also the only choice that focuses on the development of the student teacher, not on the control exercised by the cooperating teacher.