The Zamindari system
▪️Zamindari System (also known as Permanent Settlement System) was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act.
▪️It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi. Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands.
▪️Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.
▪️The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11th of the share belonged to Zamindars and 10/11th of the share belonged to East India Company
🔲 The Mahalwari system
▪️Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.
▪️It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc. of British India.
▪️The Mahalwari system included many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.
▪️In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.
▪️Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.
▪️The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.
🔲 The Ryotwari system
▪️Here, individual cultivator was supposed to pay the rent directly to the government without any intermediary. It was prevalent in parts of Madras, Bombay province and Assam.
▪️In practice, however, all three types of system had taken the features of each other. .The picture that emerged at independence was that of exploitation of agricultural labourers at the hands of landlords, exorbitant rents, lack of incentive for technological progress and rigid system of land transfer across the country.
